Data Virtualization (DV) has become an important method to store and handle Data cost-efficiently. However, it is unclear what kind of Data and when Data should be virtualized or not. We applied a design science approach in the first stage to get a state of the art of DV regarding Data integration and to present a concept matrix. We extend the knowledge base with a systematic literature review resulting in 15 critical success factors for DV. Practitioners can use these critical success factors to decide between DV and Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) as Data integration approach.

Using new media is one of the most important cultural issues in everyday life. The expansion and prevalence of instant and continuous communication has rapidly affected various fields of daily life. The permanent presence of virtual technologies in academic environments can hardly be denied. Meanwhile, the university has also lost its previous nature and meaning. This has especially caused a change in the function of universities in relation to the society and other social entities. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between classroom Virtualization and university culture during Covid-19 Situation. The study has a quantitative paradigm and its research method is a survey. The population of the research consists of 385 students of the state universities of Tehran in three categories of face-to face, semi online and online university courses. Cluster Random Sampling and Probabilistic Sampling in proportion to the number of population have been used. The research model was tested using Lisrel software. The results show that the process of Virtualization has an influence on the communication as an intermediate variable and it thus has a significant effect on the university culture and its dimensions such as lifestyle, organizational culture, etc. In other words, communication is an intermediary that mediates between Virtualization and dimensions of university culture. It can be concluded from the findings that the process of Virtualization has created a fundamental change in human interactions and communication and this transformation in human interactions has also spread to other aspects of university life and culture.

The study is to rank the indicators that affect the sale of sports products through cyberspace from the perspective of physical education students of Payam-e-Noor University of Tehran. The statistical population included all female and male physical education students of Payam-e-Noor University of Tehran, whose total number was 1302 (635 women and 667 men). According to Morgan table, 302 individuals were selected by cluster and random sampling from south Tehran, Tehran west, Lavasan, Shahriar, Varamin and Pakdasht branches. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect Data. Its validity was confirmed by 10 sport management experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha (0. 81). To assess the validity of the questionnaire, content validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used. This research is an applied survey and its information was provided on gathering method. In order to investigate the relationship between variables, the correlation between the types of research is measured. For Data analysis, one-sample t-test and two samples, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation test, and Friedman test for ranking the factors were used by SPSS20 software. Factors such as the quality of content and website design, the amount of Internet access, the method of receiving goods and how to pay, the speed and ease of using the website, the reliability of the store, the side services and its effective advertising are factors affecting the sales of goods. On the other hand, it was found that the age and education are important factors in the attitude of individuals towards the impact of store promotions on its sales growth.

Emergence of virtual and absent learning environments has supplied new possibilities and horizons for world citizens to access information and acquire knowledge. This new-born environment has, of course, been supported by technological changes of electronic revolution in the last decades of the 20th centuries. The revolution that is even quickly growing and flourishing in the 21th century. However, the depth and dimensions of the revolution not only is beyond its technical and superficial level but represents the deep and wide paradigmatic changes in teaching and learning. The trend of developments in information-networked society has advanced in an unpredictable speed. Now it’s argued that the progressive and advanced economy of the world cannot survive without information flow and process with computer and network. The point is that the emergence of the Internet is not just an ordinary technical development but it has a cultural nature. Distant learning in new-born virtual spaces accompany communicative culture and new thinking.The aim of this article understands the cultural aspects of the new-born environments of thinking and teaching-learning process as well as acquiring knowledge. It is descriptive-analytical. We used the library method to support the theoretical basis and the survey method to explore a sample from the universities in Tehran.

The neoclassical growth model is tested by use of panel Data procedure in this research. In the econometric test, simoultanously time series and cross detection will be compared on the basis of panel Data method through which their observed points increase and consequently the estimation efficiency will be increased. The examination of neoclassical growth theory has been done with reference to external & internal factors of 52 selected countries from 1960 to 2000. The independent variable of model has been selected on the basis of the result of previous research which explains the result in three separate models: developed countries, developing countries, and whole countries. These factors are such as: Gross National Products with lag of period, work force age, growth rate, education level, the change of capital accumulation and economic trade volum. The consequences of this research is that: neoclassical growth model can explain the major part of economic growth of the countries with use of internal variables. Also with the use of panel procedure of fixed effect, we can see the fundamental differences and structure of the growth process for different countries; and show how the economic, and social conditions affect on the growth.

In today's world, technology is progressing at a great speed. Criminals are well aware of this opportunity maker position and take advantage of technological advances for advancement of their goals. In addition to the creation of new crime tools, information and communication technology has also been a source of new crime, which with the expansion of the criminal environment beyond the geographical boundaries of a country, the process of globalization has accelerated the crime. The invention of virtual currencies has accelerated the process. Virtual currencies claim to be in line with conventional currencies, are trying to break the traditional taboos of production and distribution of money by governments and provide an informal currency with user-generated capabilities. This has led to the transformation of some of the traditional criminological concepts. White collar delinquency or white collars delinquency is one of those concepts that has evolved with the expansion of virtual space and its specific tools, as some thinkers refer to as "virtual collar crimes. " This study, after examining the dimensions of virtual white collar crimes or virtual collar crimes, analyzes the tendency of virtual criminals to use virtual currencies in committing delinquency according to some criminal cases.

The dramatic changes that have taken place in the field of information and communication in the present age have led to fundamental changes in various parts of human life. The important point is that the emergence of virtual technologies is not just a conventional technical development but contains a cultural nature. The university is also one of the institutions that has been particularly affected by these developments. Such conditions have changed the relationship between students and professors, their way of accessing information and resources, creating and sharing educational content, and so on. The purpose of this article is to study the experience of Virtualization and academic culture. This is a qualitative research that has applied a phenomenological method with semi-structured interviews. Participants were purposefully selected from among students, graduates, faculty members, and university administrators. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique which resulted in 10 semantic clusters. The results of the interviews show a duality in responses, with some interviewees emphasizing the functions of Virtualization in university culture in terms of communication, education and lifestyle. They believe that Virtualization has opened doors to universities. The other category, however, explains the negative consequences of Virtualization in academic culture and its various dimensions. The results indicate that with Virtualization, important changes have occurred in various dimensions of the university culture that should be considered at micro and macro levels.